3. EMISSION SOURCE AND ESTIMATES

3.1 Energy Consumption Statistics
 
Year
Consumption Ktoe
Coal %
Petroleum %
Gas %
Hydropower

%
Biofuel %
1980
3592.39
0.07
33.99
0.00
9.88
56.06
1985
5291.35
0.44
21.05
0.00
10.86
67.65
1990
5982.55
0.00
21.28
0.00
12.62
66.11
1991
6068.29
0.01
22.79
0.00
12.33
64.87
1992
6292.23
0.01
24.43
0.00
11.06
64.49
1993
6102.75
0.01
25.88
0.00
14.93
59.19
1994
6330.88
0.01
26.72
0.00
15.50
57.77
1995
6440.41
0.02
26.65
0.00
16.82
56.51
1996
6833.12
0.00
31.13
0.00
11.42
57.44
1997
7692.24
0.00
36.59
0.00
10.76
52.65
1998
6981.71
0.00
41.81
0.00
13.46
44.73

 

Nitrogen Oxides:

  1. Stationary Sources (‘000toe/y)
Year
Industry
Domestic
Transportation
Power Generation
Fuel Conversion
1980
817.27
1688.80
577.96
412.93
2058.85
1985
693.69
3430.63
685.72
603.78
1917.48
1990
847.47
3674.05
868.04
756.89
1918.03
1991
667.55
3895.26
815.75
873.07
1747.93
1992
395.40
4331.36
832.90
954.84
1395.60
1993
457.67
3868.03
987.29
1022.09
1952.59
1994
501.81
3945.94
1071.03
1139.05
2009.91
1995
572.67
3727.10
1174.05
1252.36
1969.05
1996
1222.01
3547.42
1201.84
1152.65
2155.28
1997
1645.15
3604.90
1334.38
1405.93
1952.67
1998
1351.30
2975.82
1666.17
1386.35
2232.82

b. Mobile Sources (‘000toe)
 
Year LPG vehicles Motor cycles-2stk Motor cycles-4stk Gasoline car<1.5l Gasoline car (1.5-2l) Gasoline cars and light trucks( >2l) Heavy trucks-gasoline Buses (gasoline) Diesel cars (1.5-2 l) Diesel cars & light trucks(>2l) Heavy trucks(diesel) Buses (diesel) Trains (coal) Trains (diesel) Boats/ships (diesel) Boats/ships (fuel oil)
1980
N/A
0.265
7.981
46.812
0.000
20.125
0.000
7.848
4.493
4.524
148.134
64.490
N/A
0.000
N/A
N/A
1988
N/A
1.203
34.525
73.537
0.000
38.354
0.000
10.231
10.747
51.957
236.849
76.001
N/A
7.966
N/A
N/A
1989
N/A
1.330
46.134
75.899
0.000
38.108
0.000
9.709
11.445
54.921
269.029
73.911
N/A
6.350
N/A
N/A
1990
N/A
1.554
60.757
83.387
0.000
38.183
0.000
9.282
11.597
61.588
269.597
76.186
N/A
8.182
N/A
N/A
1991
N/A
1.772
61.638
88.816
0.000
40.360
0.000
11.671
12.700
106.11
270.865
85.752
N/A
8.409
N/A
N/A
1992
N/A
1.781
57.334
105.24
0.000
32.687
0.000
8.157
18.616
147.48
261.126
85.726
N/A
8.408
N/A
N/A
1993
N/A
1.871
63.283
102.52
0.000
31.551
0.000
7.693
20.209
163.56
270.317
87.629
N/A
9.066
N/A
N/A
1994
N/A
2.063
66.616
107.56
0.000
29.181
0.160
7.231
22.384
180.37
280.387
90.032
N/A
8.907
N/A
N/A
1995
N/A
3.443
68.311
118.02
0.000
27.016
0.837
6.804
22.762
199.85
301.268
93.235
N/A
9.450
N/A
N/A
1996
N/A
6.034
112.64
85.918
0.000
25.931
0.750
7.626
28.867
252.31
402.144
89.288
N/A
8.525
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
7.356
117.94
89.994
0.000
24.061
0.771
7.169
29.485
286.08
480.934
108.426
N/A
8.616
N/A
N/A

3.2 Sulphur Dioxide

3.2.1 Sources

Product Throughput (thousand tonnes/year)
 
Year
Paper and pulp
Copper (primary,
Lead (primary,
Zinc (primary,
Oil refineries
Sulphuric acid
1994
31.124
N/P
N/P
N/P
1913
N/P
1995
27.731
N/P
N/P
N/P
1872
N/P
1996
24.865
N/P
N/P
N/P
2041
N/P
1997
22.08
N/P
N/P
N/P
1820
N/P

N/P – no production or negligible production
 
 

      1. Emission Factors
  1. Coal

    2.  

     

    Note: In Sri Lanka Coal is only used by the Sri Lanka Railways for its steam locomotives.
     
    Sub-region of Country (e.g. State, Province etc.)
    Type of Coal
    Sulphur Content (%)
    Reference
    Sri Lanka Sub-Bituminous Coal
    1
    		 Chief Metallurgist, Sri Lanka Railways

  1. Oil
    2. Sub-region of Country (e.g. State, Province etc.)
    Type of Oil
    Sulphur Content (%)
    Reference
    Sri Lanka Crude Oil

    Gasoline (motor, aviation and jet)

    Kerosene

    Diesel Oil

    Heavy Fuel Oil

    		 1.3

    0.01

    0.02

    0.8

    3.5

    		 Ceylon Petroleum Corporation.
  1. Process Emissions
Process
SO2 (kg/t)
Reference
Paper and pulp ( Kraft pulp/dissolving pulp)
2.5
 World Health Organisation (1993), Assessment of Sources of Air, Water, & Land Pollution
Paper and pulp ( Sulphite/semichemical pulp)
N/P
Copper (blister and other unrefined)
N/P
Copper (primary, refined production)
N/P
Lead (primary, refined)
N/P
Lead (secondary, refined)
N/P
Zinc (primary, unwrought)
N/P
Oil refineries (refinery throughput)
2
Sulphuric acid production
N/P
Nitric acid production
N/P
Nitrogen fertiliser production
N/P
Ammonia production
N/P
Cement production
1.6
Other Industries (Please Specify)
N/P

N/P – no production or negligible production

3.2.3 Current Sulphur Emission Estimates

  1. Sectoral breakdown of emissions (tonnes SO2/y)
    2. Year
    Industry
    Domestic
    Transport
    Power Generation
    Fuel Conversion
    1990
    2590.43
    4411.85
    8496.02
    8984.606
    1635.22
    1991
    2512.81
    4700.22
    9601.79
    8984.606
    1511.72
    1992
    2257.52
    5243.88
    10315.87
    8984.606
    1227.51
    1993
    2715.60
    4580.74
    10891.02
    8984.606
    1702.93
    1994
    2940.10
    4656.48
    11502.18
    8984.606
    1808.43
    1995
    2848.69
    4556.64
    12373.27
    11255.2
    1704.68
    1996
    3043.49
    4322.70
    15421.61
    11255.2
    1901.14
    1997
    2811.80
    4365.36
    18025.25
    11255.2
    1677.02

    Source Type (tonnes SO2/y)
     
    Year
    Point Source
    Area Source
    1990
    4225.65
    12907.87
    1991
    4024.54
    14302.01
    1992
    3485.04
    15559.75
    1993
    4418.54
    15471.76
    1994
    4748.53
    16158.65
    1995
    4553.37
    16929.91
    1996
    4944.64
    19744.31
    1997
    4488.82
    22390.61

  1. Distribution of emissions


    2. Majority of the industries (80%) are within the CMR. Area sources mainly from the house hold burning of biomass fuel is distributed throughout the island.

    3.2.4 Trends in Emissions

    National total SO2 emissions is as follows:
     
    Year Tonnes SO2/y
    1990
    24482.91
    1991
    25799.43
    1992
    26801.88
    1993
    27171.96
    1994
    28083.36
    1995
    31033.80
    1996
    34043.00
    1997
    36457.61

    3.3 Nitrogen Oxides

    3.3.1 Sources

    a. Mobile Sources for 1997
     
    Vehicle Category
    Number of Vehicles
    LPG Vehicles  
    Motor cycles-2stk
    59119
    Motor cycles-4stk
    499208
    Gasoline car<1.5l
    112664
    Gasoline car (1.5-2l)
    Negligible
    Gasoline cars and light trucks( >2l)
    12013
    Heavy trucks-gasoline
    180
    Buses (gasoline)
    1673
    Diesel cars(<1.5l)
    Negligible
    Diesel cars (1.5-2 l)
    15267
    Diesel cars & light trucks(>2l)
    100304
    Heavy trucks(diesel)
    99765
    Buses (diesel)
    18819
    Trains (coal)
    5
    Trains (diesel)
    158
    Boats/ships (diesel)
    3115
    Boats/ships (kerosene)
    10071
    Boats/ships (fuel oil)
    Negligible

     

    b. Industrial Process Emissions of NOx

    Nitric Acid is mostly imported into Sri Lanka. The other sources of NOx from industrial process are:
     
    Process
    NOx
    Oil refineries (refinery throughput)
    0.06
    Nitric acid production
    N/P
    Cement production
    2.4

    N/P – no production or negligible production
     
     

  2. Biomass Burning
Fuel wood forms an important part of the energy source in Sri Lanka. Its is mainly consumed in the domestic sector. The emission factor used is 5kg/t of NOx. Forest fires are seldom reported.

3.3.2 Emission Factors

  1. Stationary Sources
Fuel Type
Emission Factors
Power Generation
Industry
Residential, Commercial & Public Services
Reference
Coking coal N/U N/U N/U
Other bituminous coal and Anthracite N/U N/U N/U
Sub-bituminous coal N/U N/U N/U
Lignite N/U N/U N/U
Derived coal (coke) N/U N/U N/U
Derived coal (Patent fuel) N/U N/U N/U
Derived coal (Brown coal briquettes) N/U N/U N/U
Diesel oil 30.8 g/s N/U N/U EIA, of a 163 MW Combined Cycle Gas Turbine: Kelanitissa, Colombo (Aug 1999), ERM - UK
Heavy fuel oil 11.5g/s N/U N/U
Biomass fuel (wood) N/U Negligible 5kg/t WHO—Rapid Assessment Guide
Biomass fuel (vegetal materials and wastes) N/U Negligible N/U
Biomass fuel (other - including animal products/wastes) N/U N/U N/U

N/U – Not in use

  1. Mobile Sources
Vehicle Category
Emission Factors (gNO2/km)
LPG Vehicles
N/A
Motor cycles-2stk
0.65
Motor cycles-4stk
0.25
Gasoline car<1.5l
1.4
Gasoline car (1.5-2l)
N/U
Gasoline cars and light trucks( >2l)
2
Heavy trucks-gasoline
N/U
Buses (gasoline)
N/U
Diesel cars(<1.5l)
N/U
Diesel cars (1.5-2 l)
4.2
Diesel cars & light trucks(>2l)
4.6
Heavy trucks(diesel)
7.8
Buses (diesel)
7.8
Trains (coal)
N/A
Trains (diesel)
42.5
Boats/ships (diesel)
N/A
Boats/ships (kerosene)
N/A
Boats/ships (fuel oil)
N/A

Source: CLEAN AIR 2000

               Environmental Division, National Building Research Organisation

3.3.3 Current NOx Emission Estimates

  1. Sectoral Breakdown of Emissions - 1997
Sector
Emission (tonnes NO2 equivalent/y)
Industry 2703.60
Transport 55195.73
Domestic 43783.30
Power Generation 16171.66
Fuel Conversion 108.20
Source Type
Emission (tonnes NO2 equivalent/y)
Point Source 18983.46
Area Source 98979.03

3.3.4 Trends in Emissions
 
Year
Emission (tonnes NO2 equivalent/y)
1990
86435.81
1991
92356.34
1992
99538.97
1993
94459.27
1994
97048.43
1995
102284.83
1996
108703.11
1997
116855.89

3.4 Ammonia

3.4.1 Sources

The main sources of ammonia emission in Sri Lanka are from agriculture application of fertiliser, vehicular transport and human waste. For the purpose of analysis only emission from the vehicles are included in the report due to non-availability of suitable emission factors for other sources.

3.4.2 Emission Estimates
 
Sector
Emission (tonnes NH3 t/y)
Live Stock Not estimated
Fertiliser application Not estimated
Rice fields Not estimated
Industry No productions of fertilisers
Transport 37.17 (for 1997)
Residential Not estimated

3.4.3 Trends in Emissions
 
Year
Emission (tonnes NH3 t/y)
1990
18.76
1991
20.72
1992
21.82
1993
23.05
1994
24.31
1995
25.96
1996
33.19
1997
37.17

Note: Emissions from the transport sector is only included in the table.

3.5 Suspended Particulate Matter

3.5.1 Sources

Most important national sources are from vehicular emissions, fuel wood burning in household cooking and power generation sectors. Within the urban areas such as in Colombo, SPM are predominantly due to vehicular emissions especially from diesel vehicles.

3.5.2 Emission Estimates

Emission estimates for the year 1997
 
Sector
Emissions (tonnes/year)
Percentage

%
Industry 7108.5 5.2
Power generation 394.515 0.30
Biomass burning 119617.84 87.0
Vehicular traffic 10231.91 7.5
Natural sources Not Present  

3.5.3 Trends in Emissions
 
Year
Emission (tonnes SPM/y)
1985
116454.03
1990
131946.68
1991
140227.41
1992
155294.72
1993
137685.13
1994
140391.19
1995
139235.57
1996
134984.04
1997
137352.76