Production and consumption of energy typically involves extraction or production of primary energy, processing or refining of primary energy, transformation of energy from one form to another, transportation and distribution of energy and end-use or consumption. The details of the process depend on the type of energy. This section presents a summary of energy production and consumption in Pakistan.
Primary commercial energy produced in Pakistan includes natural gas, crude oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), coal, hydro electricity and nuclear electricity. The consumption figures by year for commercial energy are shown in Exhibit 3.1. Production and consumption of individual fuels are discussed below.
Natural gas is produced from about 30 gas fields in Pakistan.[1] The total estimated natural gas reserves in the country as on June 30, 1999 amounted to 0.58 trillion cubic meters. The total production in 1998-1999 was 20,432 million cubic meters, with a net energy value of 16.32 mtoe.[2] The largest field, located at Sui, Balochistan, produced 8,638 million cubic meters of natural gas, ie, 42 percent of the total production.
A portion of the produced gas is consumed in the processing plants and in compression stations at the pipeline. The remaining natural gas is distributed through a network of transmission and distribution pipelines operated by two transmission and distribution companies. The total length of the network is 58,667 km.
In 1999 there were 3.171 million domestic, 57 thousand commercial and 4.4 thousand industrial consumers. After subtracting the transmission and distribution losses the total gas available for consumers in 1998-1999 was 18,005 million cubic meters.
Crude oil is produced from about 70 oil fields in Pakistan. The total estimated crude oil reserves in the country as on June 30, 1999 amounted to 250 million barrels. The total production in 1998-1999 was 19,985,677 barrels with a net energy value of 2.68 mtoe.
There are four petroleum refineries in Pakistan. In 1998-1999 the refineries processed 6.52 million tonnes of crude oil, of which 2.12 million tonnes (32.6 percent of the total) was locally produced crude and the remaining 4.40 million tonnes were imported. The refineries produced 5.93 million tonnes of fuel oils including motor spirits, kerosene, diesel, aviation fuels, furnace oil, naphtha, and LPG. In the same period, 10.93 million tonnes of fuel oil mainly comprising high speed diesel and furnace oil were imported. The total production of non-energy products (lubricant, solvent oils, asphalt, etc.) in 1998-1999 was 0.41 million tonnes.
Crude oil and petroleum products are transmitted and distributed by pipelines, rail lorries and road tankers. There are about 2,000 km of oil pipelines in the country of which about 1,250 km are cross-country.
In 1998-1999, oil refineries in Pakistan produced 68,048 tonnes of LPG, whereas the oil processing plants at the oil fields produced 137,891 tonnes of LPG. Nearly, 29,000 tonnes of LPG were imported during the period.
There are about 15 coalfields in Pakistan of which nine are developed. In 1998-1999 the total production of coal from these fields was 3.46 million tonnes.
There are three large hydropower plants in the country with a total installed capacity of 4,718 MW. In addition, electricity is produced by nine small hydel plants with a total installed capacity of 108 MW. In 1998-1999, the total electricity generated by these plants was 22,449 GWh.
In 1998-1999 there was one nuclear power plant with a capacity of 137 MW operating in the country. During the year, the plant produced 284 GWh of electricity.[3]
Reliable historical data for
biofuel (fuelwood, animal residue, crop residue, and wood charcoal) consumption
is not available. A nationwide
household energy survey was conducted in 1991 (HESS, 1993). In 1991, the total consumption of biofuel in
Pakistan, as reported by this study, was 21.0 mtoe. The annual growth rate of biofuel consumption was reported to be
2 percent. The biofuel consumption for
1998-1999 estimated on the basis of this growth rate was 24.6 mtoe, which
amounts to about 36 percent of the total primary energy consumption.
Consumption of final energy by sectors and fuels is shown in Exhibit 3.3. A breakdown for mobile sources is shown in Exhibit 3.4.
Exhibit 3.1: Primary Commercial Energy Consumption in Pakistan
|
Year |
Consumption (mtoe) |
Oil |
Gas |
LPG |
Coal |
Hydro-electricity |
Nuclear Electricity |
|
1971-72 |
7.21 |
42.9% |
35.6% |
0.1% |
8.3% |
12.8% |
0.3% |
|
1972-73 |
7.74 |
40.0% |
37.4% |
0.1% |
7.5% |
14.1% |
0.9% |
|
1973-74 |
8.33 |
39.5% |
39.7% |
0.1% |
7.0% |
12.5% |
1.2% |
|
1974-75 |
9.29 |
41.2% |
38.6% |
0.2% |
6.7% |
11.8% |
1.5% |
|
1975-76 |
9.05 |
38.9% |
38.5% |
0.3% |
5.7% |
15.1% |
1.5% |
|
1976-77 |
9.59 |
39.0% |
40.0% |
0.3% |
6.1% |
13.6% |
1.0% |
|
1977-78 |
10.68 |
37.7% |
38.3% |
0.3% |
5.6% |
17.5% |
0.5% |
|
1978-79 |
11.65 |
38.8% |
37.2% |
0.4% |
5.6% |
17.8% |
0.2% |
|
1979-80 |
13.02 |
36.7% |
40.5% |
0.3% |
5.7% |
16.8% |
0.0% |
|
1980-81 |
14.07 |
36.7% |
41.6% |
0.3% |
5.3% |
15.8% |
0.3% |
|
1981-82 |
14.79 |
36.8% |
40.9% |
0.4% |
5.6% |
16.1% |
0.2% |
|
1982-83 |
16.23 |
38.1% |
39.1% |
0.3% |
4.7% |
17.6% |
0.3% |
|
1983-84 |
16.97 |
40.1% |
34.9% |
0.5% |
5.2% |
19.0% |
0.4% |
|
1984-85 |
17.96 |
40.8% |
35.4% |
0.4% |
5.9% |
17.1% |
0.4% |
|
1985-86 |
19.15 |
41.1% |
34.5% |
0.4% |
5.4% |
18.1% |
0.5% |
|
1986-87 |
20.93 |
41.4% |
34.2% |
0.5% |
5.1% |
18.3% |
0.5% |
|
1987-88 |
26.00 |
38.8% |
37.1% |
0.4% |
7.3% |
16.2% |
0.3% |
|
1988-89 |
26.96 |
39.5% |
37.3% |
0.4% |
6.9% |
15.9% |
0.0% |
|
1989-90 |
29.24 |
39.3% |
37.7% |
0.4% |
7.7% |
14.6% |
0.3% |
|
1990-91 |
30.06 |
38.1% |
38.8% |
0.4% |
7.0% |
15.3% |
0.3% |
|
1991-92 |
32.26 |
39.5% |
38.4% |
0.3% |
6.8% |
14.6% |
0.3% |
|
1992-93 |
34.79 |
39.9% |
37.6% |
0.3% |
6.4% |
15.3% |
0.4% |
|
1993-94 |
37.06 |
41.3% |
38.3% |
0.3% |
6.6% |
13.2% |
0.3% |
|
1994-95 |
38.38 |
41.2% |
37.3% |
0.4% |
5.7% |
15.0% |
0.3% |
|
1995-96 |
41.25 |
42.2% |
36.9% |
0.5% |
6.0% |
14.2% |
0.2% |
|
1996-97 |
41.19 |
42.6% |
38.5% |
0.4% |
5.5% |
12.8% |
0.2% |
|
1997-98 |
42.39 |
43.6% |
37.6% |
0.4% |
5.1% |
13.1% |
0.2% |
|
1998-99 |
44.05 |
42.8% |
38.6% |
0.4% |
5.1% |
12.8% |
0.2% |
Source: Various editions of the Pakistan Energy Yearbook (see References)
Exhibit 3.2: Total Primary Energy Consumption in Pakistan
|
Year |
Consumption (mtoe) |
Oil |
Gas |
LPG |
Coal |
Hydro-electricity |
Nuclear Electricity |
Biofuels |
|
1971-72 |
21.62 |
14.3% |
11.9% |
0.0% |
2.8% |
4.3% |
0.1% |
66.7% |
|
1972-73 |
22.44 |
13.8% |
12.9% |
0.0% |
2.6% |
4.9% |
0.3% |
65.5% |
|
1973-74 |
23.33 |
14.1% |