1. EMISSION SOURCES AND ESTIMATES
    1. Energy Consumption Statistics

      2.  

       

      The total energy demand of Nepal was estimated to be 6371 Mtoe in 1993/94, and this has been increasing by an average of 2.4 percent per annum during the past ten years. The total energy consumption in the year 1994/95 was estimated at about 6944 Mtoe, of which 91 percent was consumed by domestic sector, and the remaining 9 percent by other sectors. About 92 percent of the energy demand is met from traditional sources (fuelwood, agri. Residue, animal waste). The shares of petroleum fuel, coal and electricity in the total consumption are estimated to be 6.19, 1 and 1 percent respectively. (Energy Synopsis report 1994/95).

      Table 3 Energy Consumption
       
      Year Consumption

      (Mtoe)

      		 Coal

      (%)

      		 Petroleum

      (%)

      		 Gas

      (%)

      		 Hydropower

      (%)

      		 Biofuel

      (%)
      1985 5090 0.19 3.21 0.02 0.39 95.07
      1986 5260 1.02 3.67 0.04 0.53 94.70
      1987 5370 0.92 3.46 0.05 0.51 94.91
      1988 5500 0.81 3.69 0.05 0.52 94.78
      1989 5600 0.13 4.30 0.00 0.79 94.78
      1990 5800 0.82 4.26 0.08 0.85 94.06
      1991 6100 0.88 6.25 0.11 0.90 91.16
      1992 6300 1.04 5.96 0.14 0.89 92.11
      1993 6490 0.94 5.96 0.13 0.91 92.91
      1994 6680 0.99 6.19 0.15 0.99 91.84
      1995 6944 1.02 7.16 0.31 1.03 90.47
      1996 7112 2.25 7.45 0.35 1.08 88.87
      1997 7340 2.37 8.08 0.45 1.11 87.99

      Mtoe: megatonnes of oil equivalent


      A. Stationary Sources

      Table 3.1 Stationary Sources
       
      Sector Energy Consumption (Mtoe) 1995
      Industry 291.9*
      Domestic 6223.7*
      Power Generation 6.47**
      Fuel Conversion 7.59*** (1986)

      Source: * WECS 1994/95

                ** NEA FY95/96 A year in review
       

        *** An evaluation of charcoal production technology in Nepal.


      B. Mobile sources

      The transport sector was estimated to have consumed about 0.17 Mtoe, equivalent to 2.65 percent of the total energy consumption, in the year 1994/95. The sector consumed about 0.09 Mtoe in the year 1984/85. The increase in the ten-year period is equivalent to an increase of about 10 percent per year. Share of different energy type in transport sector energy consumption is as follows: HS diesel 67.8 %, ATF 16.9 %, Petrol 15 %, Coal 0.2 % and electricity 0.1 %. (Energy Synopsis report 1994/95). Figure 3.1 shows the growth trend of vehicle numbers.

      Table 3.2 Energy Consumption in Mobile Sources
       
      Vehicle Category Energy Consumption (Mtoe)
      Motor cycles
      19.6
      Cars (Petrol)
      12.8
      Cars (Diesel)
      9.7
      3-wheeler (Petrol)
      2.7
      3-wheeler (Diesel)
      6.2
      Trucks (Diesel)
      50.7
      Buses (Diesel)
      90.5
      Minibus (Diesel)
      28.6
      Tractor (Diesel)
      39.7
      Trains (Coal)
      5


     
    1. Sulphur Dioxide
      1. Sources

        2.  

         
         
         

        The major sources of sulfur dioxide are associated with the combustion of sulfur containing fossil fuels. In Nepal sulphuric acid is only imported, as there is no production in the country. Copper, Lead, Zinc smelting industries come under cottage industry as these industries are only of small scale. The major other industry contributing to sulfur dioxide emission is paper and pulp and brick which has been included in the table.

        Table 3.3 Production
         
        Process Product Throughput (000 tonns)
        Paper and Pulp
        16.18
        Cement
        276.5
        Brick (Govt. sector)
        28.25

        Source: Economic Survey 1999
         

      2. Emission Factors

        3.  

         

        A. Coal

        Although coal contributes only one percent to the overall energy balance of Nepal, Its important lies in the fact that two essential industrial sectors- cement, bricks and tiles depend upon it.

        The bulk of coal destined for Nepal comes from Assam, West Bengal or Bihar of India. Kathmandu alone consumed 40 percent of the coal imported into the country. Scattered deposits of mud coal/ lignite/ peat occur in Nepal. Current indications are that these are small in extent and poor of quality. Limited mining has taken place in Dang, Chitwan, and Barachhetra but most of the significant exploitation occurs within the Kathmandu valley. Nearly all production (3000-5000 MT) goes to brick kiln as fuel for baking bricks (Energy Synopsis report 1994/95)

        Table 3.4 Sulfur Content in Coal
         
        Type of Coal Sulfur Content (%) Reference
        Bituminous and Anthracite

        (Steam/Slack Coal)
        1
        		 NCL
        Lignite (Rom/Assam Coal)
        4
        		 NCL
        Derived Coal (Coke)

        (Breeze/Soft Coke)
        0.5
        		 NCL

        B. Oil

        According to the existing distribution arrangements, petroleum products are transferred from Indian Oil Corporation at the Indian border towns to the NOC storage depots and to the retailers (NOC dealers) and finally to the individual and institutional users.

        About 53% of the total petroleum products are consumed in the transport sector followed by the domestic sector (26%). Commercial, industrial and agriculture sectors consume about 9%, 8% and 4% respectively of the total petroleum product consumption.

        The entire quantity of petrol and 85 percent of diesel is consumed in the transport sector. The residential sector is the second largest petroleum fuel-consuming sector. The petroleum fuels used in this sector are kerosene and LPG. In addition the agriculture sector uses diesel for pumps and tractors (Energy Synopsis report 1994/95).

        Table 3.5 Sulfur Content in Oil
         
        Type of Oil Sulfur Content (%) Reference
        Gasoline (Petrol)
        0.046
        		 NOC
        Kerosene
        0.16
        		 NOC
        Diesel Oil
        0.25
        		 NOC
        Heavy Fuel Oil
        0.3
        		 NOC

        C. Process emissions

        Emission factor for the process emission for estimating SO2 is based on the emission factor of coal which is18 g/kg of product.
         

      3. Current sulphur emission estimates

        4.  

         

        Table 3.6 Sectoral breakdown of emissions
         
        Sector Emission (tonns S/yr)‘96
        Industry
        2782.6
        Transport
        891.6
        Domestic
        10306.6
        Power Generation
        0.0821

      1. Trends in emissions


      Table 3.7 Emission Trend
       
      Year Emission (tonns S/yr)
      1992
      17101.6
      1993
      17635.0
      1994
      18274.1
      1995
      19166.9
      1996
      13980.9

    1. Nitrogen Oxides
      1. Sources

        2.  

         

        A. Mobile sources

        The total number of vehicles increased from 75,159 to 190,672 during 1990-1997. It is an increase of 2.5 fold in seven years or 14.2 percent per year. The two wheelers occupy first place (51.40%) in the vehicle population. Car, Jeep, Van occupy the second place (22.44%) and the truck and construction vehicles occupy the third place (9.01%). The rate of growth of vehicles varies from 7.57 percent for minibus to 16.95 percent for the two-wheeler (Comp. on Env. Statistics 1998).

        Table 3.8 Number of Vehicles
         
        Vehicle Category Number of Vehicles (000)
        Motor cycles
        98.01
        Cars (Petrol)
        31.23
        Cars (Diesel)
        11.55
        3-wheeler (Petrol)
        4.2
        3-wheeler (Diesel)
        4.2
        Trucks (Diesel)
        16.79
        Buses (Diesel)
        7.08
        Minibus (Diesel)
        2.44
        Tractor (Diesel)
        14.41
        LPG Vehicles
        0.1

        B. Industrial Process Emission of NOx

        In Nepal, Nitric acid, which is required for different purposes, are imported mostly from India.
         

      2. Emission Factors
A. Stationary sources

Table 3.9 Emission Factors for Stationary Sources
 
Fuel Type Emission Factors Reference
Power Generation Industry (g/Kg) Residential, Commercial & Public Services (g/Kg)
Bituminous coal & Anthracite  
36
   Energy 
Vol. 21, 
No. 9, 
pp. 785-94, 
1996.
Diesel Oil  
2.4
  
Fuelwood  
1.9
0.7
Veg. Residue  
1.2
0.7
Animal Waste    
0.7


 

B.  Mobile sources:

Table 3.10 Emission Factor for NO2
 
Vehicle Category Emission Factor (gNO2/Mtoe)
Motor cycles
20.47
Cars (Petrol)
130.5
Cars (Diesel)
16.2
3-wheeler (Petrol)
212
3-wheeler (Diesel)
995
Trucks (Diesel)
23
Buses (Diesel)
854.4
Minibus (Diesel)
7394.03
Tractor (Diesel)
31.16

Note: Emission factor for vehicles was only available in g/km. To calculate gNO2/Mtoe, fuel consumption, annual distance traveled and emission factor for NOx (g/km) was considered.

  1. Current NOx emission estimates (most recent specified year)
        2.  
        A. Sectoral breakdown of emissions

        Table 3.11 Emission Estimate of NO2
         
        Sector Emission (tonnes NO2 equivalent/yr) ‘97
        Industry
        2703.2
        Transport
        8273.3
        Domestic
        12864.2
        Power Generation
        7051.9

  2. Trends in emissions
Domestic sector contributes the maximum in the emission of NO2, followed by transportation. NO2 emission from transportation is gradually increasing as the number of vehicles are increasing every year. Fuel use in power generation sector is dependent on the available hydro energy. Thus, it is quite fluctuating from year to year.

Table 3.12 Emission Trend of NO2
 
Year Emission (tonnes NO2 equivalent)
1992
23541.8
1993
27632.9
1994
31602.9
1995
36125.6
1996
29351.1
1997
30892.6

  1. Suspended Particulate Matter
      1. Sources


        2. Fuelwood is the main source of energy in Nepal and will continue to play a dominant role to fulfill the energy demand for a long time. Fuelwood currently represents more than two thirds (about 60%) of the total energy consumption. Similarly, agriculture residue and animal waste comes under second and third of the total energy consumption. Thus, emission from these sources emits the highest amount of pollutants. All these emission inventories is based on the fuel consumption in different sectors. Results from vehicular traffic also shows the that the SPM concentration exceeds the guideline value of WHO.
         

      2. Emission estimates


        3. Table 3.13 Sectoral Breakdown of TSP
         
        Sector Emissions (tonns/year) ‘97 Percentage*
        Industry 9158.3 3.5
        Power generation 881.5 0.3
        Biomass burning 249085.6 95.4
        Vehicular traffic 2002.6 0.8
        Natural Sources (eg. Soil dust) -  

        * Excluding natural sources
         

      3. Trends in emissions
Trends in emissions of SPM show the increase in each year. These estimates are done without considering the control devices.

Table 3.14 Emission Trend of TSP
 
Year Emission (tonnes TSP)
1992
223503.6
1993
233050.7
1994
240144.6
1995
248625.2
1996
263017.1
1997
263913.5