3.0 EMISSION SOURCES AND ESTIMATES India has made rapid strides in industrilasiation and is now one of the ten most industrialised nation in the world. The industrialisation has brought with it some unwanted and unanticipated consequences. These include unplanned urbanisation, pollution and accidents. Whereas Indian industry included 13600 registered factories 30 years ago, today the number has increased to nearly 100,000. After independence, through the Five Year Plans, India embarked on rapid industrialisation, especially in such core sectors as iron & steel, fertiliser, chemicals, cement and power plants. Some of the highly polluting industries with respect to air pollution are petro-chemicals & other chemicals, fertiliser, cement, mining, pharmaceuticals, thermal power plant, oil refineries and iron & steel.

The industrial sector recorded an annual average compound growth rate of 4.6% from 1970-71 to 1979-80 and 6.6% from 1980-81 to 1989-90 (at constant price). It achieved a growth rate of 8.5% in the Seventh Plan (1985-86 to 1989-90). The Eighth Plan started in the backdrop of impressive industrial growth during 1970's and 1980's. Though the average annual growth rate of the industrial sector including mining, manufacturing and electricity generation during the Seventh Plan and the Annual Plan 1990-91 was 8.5%, it was followed by a recession in the year, 1991-92 when the average industrial growth rate achieved was just 0.6%. Growth rate achieved during the Eighth Plan is given in Table 3.1.
 

 Table 3.1 : Sector-wise Growth Rates in Eighth Plan
Year
Manufacturing
Mining
Electricity
General
Eighth Plan Target
7.30
8.00
7.80
7.4
1992-93
2.18
0.53
5.02
2.3
1993-94
6.07
3.50
7.45
6.0
1994-95
9.80
7.47
8.48
9.4
1995-96
13.00
7.07
8.17
12.1
1996-97
8.00
1.20
3.80
6.8
Overall Eight Plan
7.80
3.80
6.50
7.3

(All values are in %age)

SOURCE: Ninth Five Year Plan (Draft) Volume - II 1997-2002

The average rate of industrial growth gradually increased from 2.3% in1992-93 to 6.0% in 1993-94, 9.4% in 1994-95 and 12.1% in 1995-96. However, in 1996-97 it slumped to 7.1% resulting in an average growth rate of 7.3% against the target of 7.4% during the Eighth Plan period. The group wise industrial growth rates indicate that food products, manufacture of chemicals and chemical products, manufacture of electrical machinery and miscellaneous manufacturing industries recorded significantly lower growth rate during the Eight Five Year Plan as compared to that in Seventh Plan. However, beverages, tobacco and tobacco products, cotton textiles, paper & paper products, basic metals and alloy industries, manufacture of transport equipment and parts achieved higher growth rate. 3.1 Energy Consumption Statistics The economic growth based on rapid industrialisation contributes to an increase in energy consumption. Energy is consumed in various forms in India both commercial energy, (e.g. coal, oil, gas and electricity) and non commercial energy, (e.g. fuel wood, crop residue and animal waste). The total final energy consumption in the economy has increased from 84.5 MTOE in 1953-54 to 290.4 MTOE in 1996-97 at an implicit rate of growth of 2.91% per annum compound. The share of commercial energy in the final energy consumption has increased from 24.1% to 56.1% during this period whereas that of non-commercial energy has declined from 75.9% to 43.9%. The changes in the relative share of commercial and non-commercial sources in the primary energy supplies and the share of different sources in the final energy commercial energy consumption are shown in the following Table 3.2

Table 3.2 : Changes in Pattern of Energy Consumption
 
Primary Energy
Final Commercial Energy
Year
Comm-ercial
Non-Comm-ercial
Coal
Petro-leum Product
Natural Gas
Electricity
Total
1953-54
28.4
71.6
80.1
16.7
0.0
3.2
100.0
1960-61
34.7
65.3
75.3
19.9
0.0
4.8
100.0
1970-71
40.6
59.4
56.1
34.1
0.6
9.2
100.0
1980-81
46.9
53.1
47.9
40.3
1.1
10.7
100.0
1990-91
59.3
40.7
35.9
43.6
5.5
15.0
100.0
1996-97
65.9
34.1
28.9
47.7
6.3
17.1
100.0

(All values are in %age)

SOURCE: Ninth Five Year Plan (Draft) Volume - II 1997-2002

According to the approach paper to the 9th plan, 1997-2002, the annual compound growth rate of final commercial energy consumption during the Eighth Five Year Plan is expected to be around 5.5%. The most important indigenous sources of primary energy is coal which supplies over 50% of the

-primary energy followed by oil. From the Table 3.3 given above, it is evident that the share of coal is decreasing in the final commercial energy consumption whereas that of oil and gas is increasing. Oil and gas accounted for nearly 54% of the total final energy consumption. Only the direct use of coal, oil and natural gas in industry, household, transport sector have been considered while estimating the consumption.
 

 Table 3.3 : Primary Energy Consumption
Year*
Consumption (Mtoe)
Coal (%)
Oil (%)
Gas (%)
Hydropower (%)
Nuclear(%)
1987
146.9
60.31
31.99
3.88
2.89
-
1990
179.6
57.4
32.23
6.23
3.17
-
1991
190.4
58.29
30.93
6.67
3.36
-
1992
200.6
58.12
30.95
7.12
2.99
-
1993
205.5
58.63
30.51
7.15
2.96
-
1994
214.8
57.54
31.37
7.3
3.21
-
1995
230.1
56.93
31.72
7.69
2.82
-
1996
245.3
56.37
32.36
7.94
2.4
-
1997
260.3
56.24
31.92
8.45
2.38
0.099
SOURCE:
Yearbook of Energy-Environment Statistics(YES), Bharat Information Technology Services, New Delhi

BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 1998, The British Petroleum Company p.I.c, London, U.K.

* Data for the calender year

Note: Data may not add up to totals due to rounding off

Mtoe : Mega Tonnes of Oil Equivalent

  1. Stationary Sources
The sectoral demand for energy in the economy arises mainly from the requirements of lighting and cooking in the household sector, irrigation and other agricultural operations in the growth sector, transport of passenger and freight in the transport sector and fuel and feed stock requirement in the industrial sector.

Elaborate data base is required to study the aspects of energy demand. Such data are not usually compiled adequately and systematically in developing countries including India. It is evident that the industrial sector is a largest consumer of energy. The transport sector is likely to register the second largest increase in the demand on the energy resources in future after the household sector if only four sectors, i.e. agriculture, industry, transport and household are taken as consuming the generated energy. The percentage share of agriculture in the total energy demand is likely to fall. Higher growth rate in the case of household sector is mainly on account of the replacement of the non-commercial energy by commercial energy where continued urbanisation tends to enhance both the availability and cost advantages of commercial over non-commercial energy for domestic use and hence substitution. The sectoral composition of final energy use and sector-wise shares in commercial energy requirement are presented in Tables 3.4, 3.5 & 3.6 below. The need in energy conservation and other demand management measures cannot be over emphasised. Some efforts are already being made in this direction.
 
 

 Table 3.4 : Sectoral Composition of Final Energy Use (%)
Year ®

Sectors ¯
1970
1980
1990
Household
69.6
63.8
58.9
Agriculture
0.9
2.3
3.6
Industry
18.5
23.0
25.0
Transport
9.6
9.0
10.2
Other Sectors
0.6
0.3
0.9
Non-Energy Use
0.8
1.6
1.4

Source :- Planning Commission (1991) Sectoral Energy Demand in India,

New Delhi : Govt. of India

Table 3.5 : Sector-wise Shares in Commercial Energy Requirements

(Base Case Results)
Year ®

Sectors ¯
1986
2009
Growth Rate 

(% Per Annum)
Household
12.6
21.3
8.8
Agriculture
8.7
4.9
3.8
Industry
55.3
47.2
5.6
Transport
22.0 
24.2
6.9
Other Sectors
1.4
1.7
7.1
All Sectors
100.0
100.0
6.3

SOURCE : Planning Commission (1991) Sectoral Energy Demand in India, New Delhi : Govt. of India

                                                               Table 3.6 : Energy Consumption

S.No.
Sector
Year
Energy Consumption (Mtoe)
1
 Industry
1994-95
73.9
2
 Residential
1994-95
15.4
3
 Power Generation
1994-95
93.1
4
 Fuel Conversion
1994-95
1.9
6
 Agriculture
1994-95
7.7
SOURCE: TERI Energy Data Directory & Yearbook (TEDDY) 1996-97 ,1997-98


Mobile Sources

The economy is progressively becoming oil intensive in view of he increasing share of petroleum products and natural gas in the final commercial energy use. This is due to the increasing use of oil products in transport and household sectors. The transport sector has become more oil intensive on account of larger than anticipated share of road transport in freight and passenger traffic in preference to railways and a mushrooming growth in personalised transport modes like cars and 2-wheelers. The share of four oil products under consideration increased from 54.9% in 1970-71 to 70.4% in 1996-97. The trends in the relative share of oil products like LPG, SKO, MS and Diesel during the last three decades are shown in Table 3.7 below. The energy consumption during 1996-97 in the Transport sector is given in Table 3.8. Table 3.7 : Share of LPG, SKO, MS and Diesel in POL Consumption
Fuel
% Share in Consumption
1970-71
1980-81
1990-91
1996-97
LPG
1.0
1.3
4.4
5.4
SKO
18.3
13.7
15.3
12.8
MS
8.1
4.9
6.4
6.3
Diesel
27.5
37.1
41.1
45.9
Total
54.9
57.0
67.2
70.4

SOURCE: Ninth Five Year Plan (Draft) Volume - II 1997-2002

Table 3.8 : Mobile Sources Energy Consumption (Mtoe) 1996-97
Vehicle Category
Motor Gasoline
High Speed Diesel Oil
Light Diesel Oil
Fuel Oil
Coal
LPG Vehicles
Motor Cycles - 2 Stroke
Motor Cycles - 4 Stroke
Gasoline Cars(<1.51)
Gasoline Cars(1.51-2.01)
Gasoline Cars and Light Trucks(>2.01)
Heavy Trucks-Gasoline
Buses(Gasoline)
Diesel Cars(<1.51)
Diesel Cars(1.51-2.01))
Diesel Cars and Light Trucks(>2.01)
Heavy Trucks(Diesel)
Buses(Diesel)
5.302*
2.3018
0.002
0.0078
-
Trains(Coal)
-
-
-
-
0.686
Trains(Diesel)
-
1.5504
0.002
0.0118
-
Boats/Ships(Diesel)
-
0.248
0.047
-
Boats/Ships(Fuel Oil)
-
-
-
0.245
-
SOURCE: Indian Petroleum & Natural Gas Statistics - 1995-96 and 1996-97

Coal Directory of India, Various Issues, Coal Controller's Organization,

Ministry of Coal, Calcutta * : Considering the entire production is consumption by the transport sector (road transport)
    1. Sulphur Dioxide
3.2.1 Sources Industrial growth has been accompanied by a variety of environmental problems. The World Bank estimates shows that pollution is concentrated amongst a few industrial sub sectors. In India, petroleum refineries, textiles, pulp & paper and industrial chemicals produce about 87% of sulphur emission.
 
  Table 3.9 : Production per annum of major sectors contributing to Sulphur dioxide (SO2) emission
Process

Year
Product Throughout (Thousand Tonnes)
1997-98
1998-99
Paper and Pulp
4464.3
-
Copper Smelting
42.3
-
Lead Smelting
48.394
49.62
Zinc Smelting
164.322
172.176
Oil Refineries
65131
-
Sulphuric acid
4830.224
5366.302
- = Data not Available

SOURCE:Indian Agro Paper Mills Association (IAPMA).1995. Status of Paper

Industry, p.1, New Delhi : IAPMA
Fertilizer Statistics, The Fertilizer Association of India, New Delhi, 1994-95, YOP : 1995
Fertilizer Statistics, The Fertilizer Association of India, New Delhi,
1996-97, YOP : 1997
Directorate General of technical Development, GOI, New Delhi
India Lead Zinc Development Association, New Delhi
Monthly Abstract of Statistics, Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Planning and Programme Implementation, GOI, New Delhi.

      1. Emission Factors
  1. Coal
Coal is India's most abundant sources of primary energy meeting over 60% of the country's commercial energy requirement. The total coal reserves in the country have been assessed at about 202 billion tons of which about 70 million tons are proven reserve. Coal resources of India are concentrated mainly in the states of Bihar (32%), Orissa (23%), Madhya Pradesh (20%), West Bengal (13%), Andhra Pradesh (6%) and Maharashtra (3%). 15% of the Indian resources are of coking variety and 85% are of non-cooking coal.

Indian coal is not of very good quality as the ash content of the coal is very high. Qualitatively only 14% of the non cooking coal reserves have ash content of 24% to 45%.

The sulphur content in coal and lignite is variable and not rank dependent like other elements such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Indian coals are usually low in sulphur content generally well below 1% except for the north-eastern region coals, J&K coals, part of Varda valley coal, part of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Neyveli.

For sector like brick making, domestic burning, fertiliser industry etc. colas are being used with the average sulphur content of the order of 0.5%. The sulphur content of the feed coal for the Steel sector is taken as 0.64% due to blending of higher sulphur content foreign coals with the Indian coal which enhances the sulphur content of the blended material between 0.6% and 0.7%

Table 3.10 : Share of selected industries in total production and in total Emissions of pollutants
Industry % of Industrial Output
% Share of emissions of pollutants
Particulates
Sulphur
Nitrogen
Industrial Chemicals
7.5
8
11
15
Iron and Steel
12.5
23
2
5
Non-ferrous metals
2.1
3
1
0
Other chemicals
6.8
1
0
1
Food products
15.3
11
15
11
Paper and Pulp Products
2.0
4
15
11
Non-metallic Mineral Products
3.4
32
3
10
Petroleum Refineries
6.8
6
31
21
Textiles
11.1
6
30
23
Total
67.5
94
97
94
SOURCE: Green India 2047, TERI (B) Oil Crude oil production in the country during 1997-98 was 33,862 Million Metric Ton MMT). The actual consumption of petroleum product was 79.16 million ton as against the eighth plan projected demand of 81.19 million ton in 1996-97. The refining capacity in the country at the end of eighth plan was 61.55 million tons which as per the present situation may go upto 113.95 million tons by the end of ninth plan which includes 24 million tons capacity

addition from the private sector and 28.4 million tons of capacity addition from public sector undertakings and the joint venture projects respectively.

In pursuance of the need for reduction of environmental pollution due to emissions from vehicles, the oil companies have already made available low leaded petrol (0.15 g/l) in the entire country from December 31, 1996 and unleaded petrol in the four metros of Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Calcutta and radial routes emanating from these metros and in the city of Agra from April, 1995. The availability of unleaded petrol has been extended to capital of State and Union Territories from June, 1998 and throughout the country will be available by 1999-2000. The oil companies have already started supplying high speed diesel with reduced sulphur content of 0.25% maximum as against the existing level of 1% from April 1, 1999 and petrol with reduced lead content of 0.15 gm/litre from December, 1996 in the entire country.

In order to meet the growing demand more than 31 MMT of crude was imported in 1997-98 (from April to February). The imported crude has varying content of sulphur. The % of sulphur content of the imported and Indian crude used at Mathura Refinery is given below:
S.No.
 Source of Crude
% of Sulphur
1.
 Kuwait
2.49%
2.
 Dubai 1.91%
3.
 SuezMix 1.63%
4.
 ESCAVORS  0.11%
5.
 Quiobe  0.11%
6.
 Bombay High (India) 0.2%

SOURCE : Mathura Refinery Laboratory

(C) Process Emissions

Estimating the emission is complicated by the fact that emission rates from similar activities in various regions and countries are influenced by the difference in the industry supporting infrastructure, operating & maintenance and level of technologies, used. In India, the development of emission factor from process industries is still a continuing task. The production based average emission factor approach has been selected for estimate emissions of Sulphur dioxide from processes. The emission factor used for specific process that contribute to emission of Sulphur dioxide are given in Table 3.11.
 
Process
Type of Unit
Emission Factor

(SO2 per tonne product)
Reference
Paper and Pulp
2.5
 CPCB Manual
Copper Smelting
-
Lead Smelting
297*
 WHO Manual
Zinc Smelting
100
 CPCB Manual
Thermal Power Plant
16.6S***
 CPCB Manual
Oil Refineries Catalytic Cracker
2.5**
 CPCB Manual
Distillation (Atmospheric plus Vacuum)
0.25**
 CPCB Manual
Sulphur Recovery Unit
12*
 CPCB Manual
Sulphuric Acid
20
 WHO Manual
SOURCE:
Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi, 1998
Rapid Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Land Pollutants, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1982

* Emission Factor Kg per Tonne of Sulphur in Feed

** Emission Factor Kg Sulphur per Tonne of Feed

***: % Sulphur content by weight

3.2.3 Current Sulphur Emission Estimates

  1. Sectoral Breakdown of Emissions

    2.  

     

    SO2 emissions have been estimated based upon the coal consumption in industrial and power generation sector. While estimating the emissions from the industrial sector, fuel intensive industries like steel and cement have been considered. In the transport sector, the SO2 emissions from road transport using HSD and MS along with emissions due to coal consumed by railways have been considered. SO2 emissions from power sector have been cncluded from the total fuel consumption in the country.

    The quantum of sulphur dioxide released into the atmosphere based upon 1996-97 fuel consumption data from some major sectors where data is available has been calculated and presented in Table 3.12

    Table 3.12 : SO2 Emissions (1996-97)
    Sector
    Sub Sector
    Emissions SO2 (Million Tonnes/Year)
    Industry Cement
    0.02822
    Steel
    0.35784
    Transport Road Transport*
    0.54316
    Railways**
    0.00176
    Power Thermal***
    2.51521
    Lignite  
    0.28526
    Others  
    0.44469
    Total
    4.17614
    *: Based on consumption of High Speed Diesel Oil & Motor Spirit

    **: Based on total coal consumption

    ***: Based on coal consumption in power sector
     

  2. Distribution of Emissions
The information on major sources of emission of Sulphur dioxide is being compiled, the location of major sources of emission can be marked on the map of India after completion of the emission inventory. 3.2.4 Trends in Emissions Table 3.14, below summarises the data of Sulphur dioxide emissions from coal and lignite based on the consumption pattern for the period from 1990-91 to 1996-97 in sector like steel, power, railways, cement etc.. For estimating SO2 emissions total consumption of coal and lignite in the respective sectors has been taken. Emissions from consumption of other fuels except for the consumption of High Speed Diesel Oil & Motor Spirit in the road transport sector have not been included. The SO2 emissions given are total emissions from consumption of coal and lignite in above sectors and oil consumption in road transport. Average sulphur content in coal used in various sectors and the emission factor for SO2 are given in Table 3.13

Table 3.13 : Average (%) Sulphur in Coal and SO2 Conversion Factor
Sector Average Sulphur in Coal % Multiplying Factor for Conversion of S to SO2
Steel
0.64
0.009
Power
0.7
0.0126
Railways
0.7
0.0126
Cement
0.7
0.0028
Lignite
0.7
0.0126
Other
0.50
0.0090
SOURCE: Global Change, Green house Gas Emissions in India, Centre on Global Change, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi  
Table 3.14 : Trends in Emissions of SO2
Year*
SO2 Emissions Million Tonnes/Year
Use of Coal and lignite Use of HSD and MS in Road Transport
Total
1991
2.46092
0.35946
2.82038
1992
2.6696
0.39602
3.06560
1993
2.82710
0.42177
3.24887
1994
3.02686
0.44186
3.46873
1995
3.17077
0.47253
3.64330
1996
3.43210
0.51280
3.94491
1997
3.63299
0.54316
4.17615
1998
      
*: Year Ending March 31st 3.3 Nitrogen Oxides

3.3.1 Sources

Electricity generation and industrial fuel combustion activities are similar in that they provide combustion conditions conducive to NOx formation. NOx emissions depend in part on the nitrogen contained in the fuel (especially important for coal) but more importantly on the firing configuration of the technology. Excess air and high temperatures contribute to high NOx emissions. Such conditions are highly variable by type of boiler, size of boiler etc.. (A) Mobile Sources The number of vehicles, registered in India was 21309866 in 1990-91 which has grown to 37231533 by 1996-97. The registration of motor vehicles though done on the basis of gross weight of vehicle by the concerned Transport Authority but the records are in a specific pattern. The records provide the data for 2-wheelers (WH), 3-wheelers, cars, jeeps, taxis, buses, trucks, tractors, trolleys and other categories which is not based upon the gross weight of the vehicle or the engine strokes as in case of 2-wheelers. The number of motor vehicles registered in the country upto March, 1997 are given below (Table 3.15) Table 3.15 : Mobile Sources (Numbers) : Year* 1997
Vehicle Category
Number of Vehicles(000)
2WH
25693206
3WH (PASSENGER)
1165140
3WH (GOODS)
454857
CARS
3520660
JEEPS
725524
TAXIS
415740
BUSES
488169
TRUCKS
1805195
TRACTORS
2156871
TRAILORS
590178
OTHERS
215993
ALL
37231533

SOURCE: Motor Transport Statistics of India-1997 Transport Research Wing, Ministry of Surface Transport.

(B) Industrial Process Emissions of NOx The important process emission source of NOx is Nitric Acid production which is predominantly used in manufacturing of fertiliser. Annual production of Nitric Acid and the emission factor per tonnes of production are given in Table 3.16.

Table 3.16 : NO2 Emissions Trend in production of Nitric Acid
Process
Year*
Production (Thousand Tonnes/Year)
Emission Factor (NO2) Kg/Tonne
Emission (Thousand Tonnes/Year)
Nitric Acid Production
1993
971.56
2.5
2.428
1994
1153.45
2.5
2.883
1995
1147.84
2.5
2.869
1996
1250.98
2.5
3.127
1997
1201.74
2.5
3.004
1998
1022.18
2.5
2.555
SOURCE:
Fertilizer Statistics, The Fertilizer Association of India, New Delhi, 1994-95, YOP : 1995

Fertilizer Statistics, The Fertilizer Association of India, New Delhi, 1996-97, YOP : 1997
Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi, 1998
Rapid Assesment Of Sources Of Air, Water, and Land Pollutants, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1982
*: Year ending March 31st.

(C) Biomass Burning

In absence of information on the area of forest burning per year the NOx emissions due to burning of biomass cannot be estimated.
      1. Emission Factors
  1. Stationary Sources

    2.  

     

    The emission factor used for estimation of NO2 emission from fuel are given in Table 3.17.
    Table 3.17 : NO2 Emission Factors
     
    Nitrogen Fertilizer Production
    2
    		 WHO Manual
    Thermal Power Plant
    2.64
    		 CPCB Manual
    Cement Production
    1.3
    		 CPCB Manual
    Steel Industry (Metallurgical Coke Oven)
    0.03
    		 CPCB Manual
    Nitric Acid Production (with control)
    2.5
    		 WHO Manual
    SOURCE:
    Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi, 1998

    Rapid Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Land Pollutants, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1982
    * Emission Factor Kg per Tonne of Sulphur in Feed

    ** Emission Factor Kg Sulphur per Tonne of Feed
     

  2. Mobile Sources
The emission factors used for estimation of NOx from vehicular exhaust are based on year of manufacturing and the type of vehicle. These are given in Table 3.18. Table 3.18 : Emission Factors For Different Vehicles
 
 
Type Of Vehicle
Year
NOx Concentration (gm/km)
Car, Jeep, Taxi
Upto 1991
2.00
1991-1994
2.00
1994-1995
2.00
1995-2000
1.14
2000-2005
0.56
Two Wheelers
Upto 1991
0.1
1991-1994
0.1
1994-1995
0.1
1995-2000
0.1
2000-2005
0.1
Three Wheelers
Upto 1991
0.26
1991-1994
0.26
1994-1995
0.26
1995-2000
0.26
2000-2005
0.26
Buses and Goods Vehicles
Upto 1991
21.0
1991-1996
21.0
1996-2000
16.8
2000-2005
9.34
The emission factors for vehicles before 1991 are based on emission data of on road vehicles provided by Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP). The emission factors for vehicles after 1991 is based on ARAI and of Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) (R&D) data.

The emission factors for vehicles after 1996 and 2000 is based on COP standard and 2000 COP standard.
 
 

 3.3.3 Current NOx emission estimates (most recent specified year) (A) Sectoral Break Down of Emissions

NO2 emissions have been estimated based upon the coal consumption in industrial and power generation sector. While estimating the emissions from the industrial sector, fuel intensive industries like steel and cement have been considered. In the transport sector, NO2 emissions from road transport using HSD and MS have been taken. Process emissions of NO2 from production of Nitric acid and fertiliser have not been included.

Table 3.19 : NO2 Emissions (1996-97)
Sector
Sub Sector
Emissions NO2 (Million Tonnes/Year)
Industry Cement*
0.0991
Steel
0.0012
Transport Road Transport**
7.634603
Power Thermal***
0.5270
Total
8.261903
*: Based on total production

**: Based on consumption of High Speed Diesel Oil & Motor Spirit

***: Based on coal consumption in power sector
 
 

 (B) Distribution of Emissions The information on major sources of emission of Nitrogen oxide is being compiled, the location of major sources of emission can be marked on the map of India after completion of the emission inventory. 3.3.4 Trends in Emissions Table 3.20, below summarises the data of Nitrogen dioxide emissions based on the consumption pattern for the period from 1990-91 to 1996-97 in sectors like steel, power, cement etc.. Emission from consumption of other fuels except for the consumption of High Speed Diesel Oil & Motor Spirit in the road transport sector have not been included. Process emissions of NO2 during production of Nitric acid and fertiliser have not been considered while estimating the emission trend for NO2.

Table 3.20 : Trends in Emissions of NO2
Year*
NO2 Emissions Million Tonnes/Year
Steel Cement
Power (Thermal)
Consumption of HSD & MS in Road Transport
Total
1991
0.0009
0.0634
0.3002
5.056439
5.429039
1992
0.0010
0.0697
0.3348
5.568758
5.644258
1993
0.0011
0.0698
0.3658
5.930050
6.36675
1994
0.0011
0.0753
0.4076
6.213517
6.697517
1995
0.0012
0.0811
0.4246
6.642962
7.149862
1996
0.0012
0.0904
0.4817
7.207367
7.780667
1997
0.0012
0.0991
0.5270
7.634603
8.261903
1998
          
    *: Year Ending March 31st
  1. Ammonia
  2. Sources

    3. The agricultural activity and animal waste are the major source of ammonia emissions, besides the process emissions during production of ammonia fertilisers.
     
  3. Emission Estimates
The rate of emissions of Methane from the agricultural sector and the wastes from pets alongwith the information on livestock population, production of fertiliser and the amount of fertiliser used is available. However, the emission factor for Ammonia from these sectors are not available. In absence of the emission factor, the total ammonia emission could not be estimated.

3.5 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
3.5.1 Sources

The combustion of fuels in the domestic, industrial and transport sector are the major sources of SPM. In India, besides the man made activities natural sources also contribute towards SPM concentration. Due to dry conditions, natural dust is one of the major sources of SPM. In absence of adequate data, sectoral contribution of each source towards SPM cannot be estimated. 3.5.2 Emission Estimates The emissions of SPM have been calculated for power generation from major power plants, operated by the State Electricity Boards and National Thermal Power Corporations excluding captive power plants. Nearly all power plants have installed control system with efficiency around 99%. SPM emissions from the vehicular(Road) traffic have been estimated based upon the number of registered vehicles and the emission factor available which are given in Table 3.21. In industrial sector, cement sector is a major source of SPM besides the small scale industries like foundry, textile etc. Most of the cement plants in India have installed control system comprising Electrostatic Precipitators or Electrostatic Precipitators in combination with Multi cyclone The emissions from industrial sector are being calculated and will be incorporated.

Table 3.21 : Emission Factors For Different Vehicles
Type Of Vehicles
Year
Concentration 

Particulate (gm/km)
Buses and Goods Vehicles
Upto 1991
3
1991-1996
3
1996-2000
2.4
2000-2005
2.4
Table 3.22 : SPM Emissions (1996-97)
Sector
Emissions

(Million Tonnes/Year)
Percentage
Industry    
Power generation
4.146745
  
Biomass burning    
Vehicular Traffic (Road)
0.0439913
  
Natural Sources

(e.g. soil dust)