Among the various issues discussed in the previous chapters majority of areas proposed are new to Nepal. As per the current practices most of the activities are related to different ministries, departments, private sector organization, academic institutions, non-Governmental organizations and donor agencies. Further some issues need the linkages between countries of South Asia. Therefore, organizationally, the implementation strategy should be to assign the job of coordinating all the stakeholders to an institution, which can initiate and take responsibility to achieve the objectives of air quality management. Of course Ministry of Population anf Environment is the organization whose scope of work calls it to take the lead role. MOPE is in the early stage of development institutionally. And therefore the basis of strategy operates round the institutional capability building of the Ministry so that the growing environmental concerns of our development process are dealt in a systematic and effective way. As the various action programs proposed demands technical capability in the form of human resources, laboratories, monitoring stations and information center, the first strategy is to create an autonomous environmental protection agency under the umbrella of Ministry of Population anf Environment. This agency will have three main wings dealing air, water, and land related environmental concerns. Similar agencies or board are already in other South Asian countries and a working relationship between these agencies needs to be developed to deal with the transboundary air pollution impacts. However this might take few years, to form an autonomous body with the full legal mandate. The remedy would lie in short-term (i.e. 5-8 yrs) management measures, which can be promoted, gradually in a formal framework to establish air pollution monitoring network.

In this front ICIMOD can act as a facilitator to enter into long-term partnership agreements with Government, academic and research institutions, NGO’s and INGO’s. Further, it can approach to program implementation in establishing the air quality network within the country and at regional level. As the country has limited financial resources, without the assistance from donor agencies (viz. UNEP, SIDA, NORAD, WB, ADB, DANIDA, WHO etc.) it will be difficult for future spin off of such programs.

In the past, a lot of works done in the project level have failed to meet the desired objective of continuing the works once the project has expired. This might be a strong statement but it is the reality and policy makers have to realize it. Among the main hurdle, it is the lack of resources to continue the project works institutionally. Hence, it is strongly recommended to take initiatives to make the polluters to pay and use those resources specifically in the pollution prevention and control activities. As outlined in the ninth five-year plan, creating conducive environment for private sector to come forward in providing services to needy clients in various disciplines of environmental management and energy conservation, is another area of priority to achieve the ultimate goal of sustainable development.

Air pollution issues are relatively new to Nepal and therefore manpower-training programs for both regulatory authorities and private sectors need appropriate attentions. Maximum involvement of national universities in research and development and training of human resources will pave the way towards developing national capability that will help in long run to produce indigenous technologies and environmentally conscious engineers and managers.

The financial resources are the main constraints in implementing the various environmental protection programs. The various programs outlined in the following table also demand a huge amount of money. Efforts are not made here to quantify the financial requirement and only the responsible authorities are identified. Without assistance from various donor agencies and friendly countries, the programs are just impossible to implement and therefore where foreign assistance is required donor agencies are included in the column of responsible authorities.

Table 4 Implementation Programs and Responsible Authorities
 

Implementation Programs	Responsible Authorities
1 Institutional Arrangement and Strengthening  Creation of an autonomous environmental protection agency under the umbrella of Ministry of Pollution and Environment Manpower recruitment and training Establishment of environmental laboratory	HMG/N, MOPE, MOF, MOGA, Donor agencies
National Air Quality Monitoring Network Feasibility study to identify the minimum number of monitoring stations reflecting the geographical condition of country Establishment of monitoring stations Establishment of central unit in the proposed agency to analyze the monitored data Establishment of information center in the proposed agency	MOPE, DHM, Donor Agencies, ICIMOD
National Meteorological Network Strengthening of existing stations of department of hydrology and meteorology Identification of additional stations and installations Strengthening of the central data analysis unit in DHM Establishment of network between DHM and MOPE	MOPE, DHM, ICIMOD, Donor agencies
Ambient air quality monitoring network in Kathmandu Valley Analysis of existing project specific monitoring data to identify the possible monitoring stations in the Valley Inventory of natural, stationary and mobile sources of emissions Develop national emission factors for various sources Training of manpower on operation and maintenance of the stations Central data analysis unit in MOPE Strengthening of the DHM facilities Networking between DHM and MOPE (Note: A proposed work likely to start by September 2000 with Danida assistance)	MOPE, Line Ministries, Municipalities of Valley, Donor Agencies
Other urban ambient air quality monitoring networks     5.1 National programs on establishing such stations in other municipalities	National Planning Commission, MOPE
Legislative Framework Review of existing acts and regulation A national pollution prevention policy New regulations on air pollution control  Ambient and emission standards Technological standards Introduction of pollution taxes on fuels and charges on emissions Incentives and disincentives for relocation of industries	MOPE, MOI, Donor Agencies (Ongoing activities- part of ESPS project)
National Emission Inventory Estimation of national emission inventory based on the emission factors used in other countries and identified sources Development of national emission factors for various sources of emissions National information system	MOPE, MOI, DTM
Air quality impact assessment Baseline study on the concentration of air pollutants in national level, Kathmandu Valley, and other major urban centers Human resources development on using air pollution modeling techniques to determine the concentration of pollution from various sources including the transboundary issues Demonstration programs on air quality assessment techniques Baseline of impacts on various receptors with concentration levels Study on acid deposition problems on various receptors Study on the human health aspects on major centers, factories, and houses	MOPE, Line Ministries, Donor Agencies, Academic Institutions, NGOs, Health institutions
Pollution prevention programs Government and FNCCI joint efforts in establishing a national cleaner production center Establishment of linkages between international agencies in technology transfer Development of certification and verification mechanism in ISO 14000 and eco-labels Strengthening of private sector in providing services for industries Establishing Government-private sector-academic institution coordination to conduct research works to develop indigenous technologies and promote pollution prevention programs Support to NGOs in awareness raising activities and promoting environmental values in businesses as well as publics Demand side management programs in utilities companies as well as in various industrial units Special awareness programs for vehicle owners, drivers, auto workshops, and general public on reducing pollutants from vehicles	MOPE, MOI, FNCCI, Donor Agencies, NGOs, Electronic Media, Associations Journalists,
Pollution Control Programs Develop national criteria on identifying best environmental options for various gaseous and particulate control Prescribe BPEO for various stationary sources as per the emission standards Compliance monitoring programs (involvement of companies in self monitoring, use of private companies in monitoring of companies and vehicles, a Government ministries in monitoring the institutions) Penalties for non compliance of the standards for both industries and vehicles	MOPE, MOI, DTM, Donor agencies
Supply side programs Restriction on import of vehicles for Kathmandu Valley Phasing out of old vehicles from Kathmandu Road maintenance programs  Programs on fuel quality and overcoming adulteration of fuel	MOWT, MOPE, MOF, MOS, Donor agencies
Regional Agreement Agreement between South Asian countries in preparing the national pollution inventories with sources Agreement in establishing the regional air quality-monitoring network with defined regional or across the border grid system.  Agreement on using the natural resources to meet the objectives of sustainable development A long term program on emission trading to meet the goal of reducing pollutants at the regional level on per capita basis Agreement on human resources development with mutual cooperation among countries to share the experiences	Member Countries of South Asia, SAARC, SACEP